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COLONIAL   SOCIAL  SERVICES
Mounting created Bloggif
Starting from the 20th century colonial Governments established a number of social services in Africa. Colonial economy. Examples of these colonial social services were:
  1. Colonial education
  2. Transport and communication
  3. Recreational services
  4. Water and electricity
  5. Health services
The aim of establishing these social services was to consolidate and facilitate colonization of Africa. That means they were built to favour the colonial Government in power.
1. Colonial education
This was a type of education that was introduced by Europeans in Africa (this type of education was formal)
This education was introduced to benefit the colonial Government and not Africans. It went together with the establishment of schools in areas with economic gains such as crop production areas.
Features of colonial education
  1. Colonial education was in pyramid shape that is the number of students who started continued be reduced while going to the higher levels.
  2. Schools were built on those areas with economic importance such as Kenya highlands due to the coffee production.
  3. Colonial education was discriminative in nature e.g. there were Asian schools, European schools and others for Africans.
  4. Colonial education was provided to the sons of African chiefs e.g. sons of Jumbes and few daughters obtained this type of education.
  5. Schools were built in urban areas and not rural areas. So as to favour the colonial Government.
  6. Education was basically on European culture e.g. training involved the usage of foreign language e.g. English, French etc.
Role of colonial education
  1. The role of colonial education was to train Africans so they may be used as administrators at the lowest posts e.g. Messengers, clerks.
  2. Colonial education was introduced to train sons and daughters of European colonial masters together with Asians.
  3. It was to produce African puppets that were to favour the colonial Government.
Effects of colonial education
  1. It produced educated elites who started to organize their fellow Africans to fight for independence e.g. J.K Nyerere, Kwame Nkrumah, etc.
  2. Colonial education killed African skills at large these skills remained in theory.
  3. It produced classes that is class of educated people and those who were not educated
  4. Colonial education led to the destruction of African culture e.g. on dressing, eating, etc.
  5. Africans started to dream on obtaining white color jobs (education was aimed for employment).
Transport and communication
Colonial Government built a number of roads, railways, telegraphs and harbours, airports etc.
Characteristics of colonial transport & communication infrastructure
  1. Roads and Railways were built in areas with economic importance e.g. areas with labourers or areas with raw materials.
  2. In some cases communication systems e.g. telephones were introduced in urban and not rural areas
  3. Railways and roads were built directly to the coast (to simplify import and export trade).
Roles of colonial transport and communication
(During the colonial era)
  • It was useful for carrying raw materials from the interior to the coast and (imported) manufactured goods from coast to the interior.
  • Roads and railways were useful for carrying administrators and military troops from one area to another.
  • They were also useful for carrying labourers to those areas with colonial economic activities.
  • It was useful for connecting the interior and urban (e.g. Roads and railways)
  • They were useful for attracting Europeans e.g. Europeans settlers.
2. Recreational services
Colonial Governments built recreational centres such as hotels. These recreational centres were mostly built in urban areas so as to favour the colonial officials.
Characteristics of colonial recreational services
  • The recreational services were based on discrimination while they were built for Europeans and not Africans.
  • They were built in urban areas or areas with economic gains such as areas with settlers.
Roles of recreational services
  • Recreational centers were opened to attract Europeans (e.g. hotels, theatres, etc.)
  • They provided a meeting platform for the colonial masters meetings that were useful to consolidate and facilitate colonization of Africa.
 3. Health services
In order to facilitate colonialism the colonial powers established health services such as hospitals and health centres.
Characteristics of colonial health services
    i. They were widely found in urban areas and not rural areas because they were meant for the Europeans colonial masters and settlers.
    ii. These health services focused mostly on prevention of diseases more than cure, this was due to technological limitations at the time.
    iii. Health services were distributed in discrimination e.g. hospitals had different grades for different classes of people i.e. grades I, II, III.
Roles of colonial health services
Hospitals and health centres were opened to prevent and cure diseases for the European colonial masters, settlers and Africans labourers.
All in all health services were established to favour the development of colonial economy in Africa.

4. Water and electricity
Colonial Governments started to introduce these services in areas with settlers or colonial officials.
These services were introduced to attract more Europeans to Africa, the colonial masters hoped to attract more Europeans in Africa to expand their economic activities.

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RESEARCH 

(USEFUL FOR SECONDARY STUDENTS)
(MATHEMATICAL GEOGRAPHY FORM 4)

 a student must find other relative notes about research. and at the end of this chapter you will be asked:

1. research proposal
2.research methodoloy
3.field report
4.how to collect data in the field area
5.determine problems during data collection
6.necessary requirements before carry out research 
7.types of research.
8.importance of research
9.why we carry out research
10.uses  of research.

note:  before further  notes of research to be posted here, you are recommended to find research information(notes)    either from other  websites or geography books.
use the guidelines that i have mentioned from above......

today am going to show you only a concept of research.  then after a while,  further notes will be updated 


THE MEANING OF RESEARCH

The research is considered to be more formal, systematic and intensive process of carrying on a scientific method of analysis. Scientific method in solving problems may be an observation, analysis and conclusion or observation, problem identification and hypothesis formulation by formal application.
Research may be defined as the systematic and objective analysis and recording of controlled observation that may lead to the development of generalizations, principles, or theories, resulting in prediction and possibly ultimately control of an event.

THE STAGES FOR RESEARCH PROCESS
  1. Problem identification
  2. Literature review
  3. Data collection
  4. Data analysis
  5. Conclusion and Recommendations.
TYPES OF RESEARCH

A. BASIC/PURE/FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH
B. APPLIED RESEARCH


  1. BASIC RESEARCH
This is the kind of research conducted for the aim of generating and expanding knowledge. It includes generalization and formulation of principles or theories.
The fundamental research is sometimes carried on in a laboratory or other sterile environment, sometimes with animals. This type of research has no immediate or planned applications, may later result in further research of an applied nature.


CHARACTERISTICS OF BASIC RESARCH
  1. It is conducted in a specific area for example in the laboratory
  2. It takes a long time to conduct as it involves the investigation of a particular problem.
  3. It uses animals as study samples
  4. It is done for the aim of generating and expanding knowledge.
  5. It uses scientific procedures to solve immediate problems

      B.  APPLIED RESEARCH
It is a type of research that use the knowledge generated from basic research to solve immediate problems.

CHARACTERISTICS OF APPLIED RESEARCH
  1. It can be conducted at any place.
  2. It is used to solve immediate problems.
  3. Uses human being as the study sample
  4. It is a work of educators
  5. It can be used to improve teaching and learning process.
THE OBJECTIVES/AIMS OF RESEARCH IN EDUCATION.
  1. Research is applied to solve problems in a certain area
  2. It helps the learners to gain the knowledge and skills
  3. It can also be used to simplify the process of teaching and learning.
  4. The research conducted can be used to test the validity and be used to develop new theories.
STAGES OF RESEARCH
Research is scientific and systematic process of collecting, analyzing and interpreting data basing on a certain problem or phenomena,
Research work also is the scientific and systematic process of finding the truth concerning a specific phenomena or problem.
Normally research work use scientific stages and finding the solution of the identified phenomena such stages are Identification of problem, Pre-survey, Literature review, Formulation of hypothesis, Research design, Data collection, Analysis of data, Hypothesis testing, Data interpretation and preservation, Report writing.


The following are the stages of conducting research.


1. Problem identification or formulation of research problem.
A problem is a question or idea of interest which ought to be answered through data collection. The researcher is required to;-
  1. Single out the problem of study
  2. Understand the problem e.g.; mass failure in secondary schools.
2. Pre-surveying
A researcher should make a survey of a place where the research is going to be conducted to know things like transport, weather etc

3. Literature review
This is reading of various publications to know what other people say about what you are investigating.

4. Formulation of hypothesis
This is an assumption based on what one expects to find out in the field. It can be either true or false.e.g mass failure in school is due to inadequate teaching and learning materials.

5. Research designing
This is the arrangement of conditions for collection and analysis of data in the manner that aim to combine relevance to the research purpose. It is the conceptual structure within which the study is conducted.

6. Data collection
Refers to the collection of various information data in the field to enrich a research. Data collection can be done by observation, interview, questionnaires, or group discussions.
7. Analysis of data
The data you have, make no sense until you convert the information into sensible ideas, and make no sense until they answer the question you had asked in the problem.

8. Hypothesis testing
After data analysis the researcher needs to test the hypothesis formulated earlier the major question here is whether the fact support the hypothesis or not.

9. Data interpretation and preservation
After getting correct information about the study topic the analyzed data is interpreted and preserved in different statistical graphs and charts so that it can be understood to everyone.

10. Report writing
At the end of the research, the researcher has to prepare a report of what has been done the researchers’ finding have to be communicated or exposed to the public.
Generally all the above steps are helpful, if each stage will be done effectively will help to obtain factual information/solutions about various phenomena under consistence /effective preparation.  

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Ukuaji na ueneaji wa Kiswahili

  Ukuaji na ueneaji wa Kiswahili   katika enzi za Waingereza



Mambo yaliyosaidia ukuaji wa Kiswahili enzi za utawala wa Waingereza:


Shuguli za kiuchumi

Shuguli za kiuchumi wakati wa Waingereza zilihusisha kilimo na biashara. Kwa upande wa klimo, Waingereza waliendesha kilimo cha mazao mbalimbali, na walitumia mfumo wa kuajiri vibarua kutoka sehemu mbalimbali za nchi. Vibarua hao walijulikana kwa jina la manamba.
Katika mkusanyiko wa vibarua hawa waliokuwa na usuli wa makabila tofautitofauti, lugha pekee iliyoweza kuwaunganisha ni Kiswahili ikizingatiwa kwamba Kiswahili kiliteuliwa kuwa lugha rasimi katika mawasiliano ya kiutawala. Walilazimika kuzungumza Kiswahili kwani bila hivyo mawasiliano yasingeweza kufanyika kwa urahisi.
Hata hivyo kupitia shuguli za kilimo maneno mapya ya Kiswahili yaliweza kuzaliwa, kwa mfano: yadi, belo, belingi, bani, mtama n.k, kwa hiyo kupitia shughuli hizi Kiswahili kilizidi kukua.

Shuguli za kiutamaduni
Shughuli hizi ni kama vile uigizaji wa tamthiliya za kigeni, uchezaji wa mziki wa kigeni hususani twisti. Tamthiliya za kigeni zilikuwa zikiigizwa majukwaani kwa lugha ya Kiswahili na hivyo ikasaidia kukua kwa msamiati wa Kiswahili.

Shughuli za kidini
Wakati wa utawala wa mwingereza pia kuliambatana na ujio wa wamishonari waliokuwa na lengo la kueneza dini ya kikristo.
Katika harakati hizi walitumia lugha ya Kiswahili ili kufanikisha malengo yao ikizingatiwa kwamba Kiswahili kilikuwa kimeshaenea vya kutosha wakati wa utawala wa Mjerumani, kwa hiyo wamishonari wa Kiingereza waliendelea kukiimarisha zaidi.
Pia shughuli za kidini zilipelekea kutafsiriwa kwa vitabu mbalimbali vya kidini kama vile Biblia na vitabu vingine. Tafsiri ya vitabu hivi ilikuwa ni kutoka katika lugha ya kiingereza kwenda katika lugha ya Kiswahili. kwa kufanya hivi Kiswahili kiliweza kuingiza msamiati mwingi sana na hivyo kukuza lugha ya Kiswahili.
Wamishonari walilazimika kujifunza Kiswahili hukohuko kwao ili wanapokuja huku Afrika Mashariki wasipate tabu ya kujifunza Kiswahili. Kwa sababu hii wamishonari waliokuwa wamekwishajifunza lugha ya Kiswahili walitunga kamusi za Kiswahili – Kiingereza   ili kuwasaidia wenzao pia kujifunza Kiswahili; kwa njia hii waliweza kukikuza Kiswahili.

Shughuli za kisiasa

Shughuli za kisiasa hasa katika uanzishwaji wa vyombo mbalimbali vya kiutawala, jeshi, polisi, mahakama, boma n.k. Kufuatia uanzishwaji wa vyombo hivi msamiati mwingi wa Kiswahili uliweza kuzuka na hivyo kukuza Kiswahili.

Shughuli za kiutawala

Makampuni ya uchapishaji yalianzishwa (East African literature Bureau), na kamati ya lugha iliundwa (Interterritorian language committee). Hatua hii iliimarisha matumizi ya lugha ya Kiswahili hali iliyosaidia kukua kwa lugha ya Kiswahili.

Shuguli za ujenzi wa reli na barabara
Shughuli hizi pia zilisaidia kuibuka kwa msamiati mpya kama vile, reli, stesheni, tiketi n.k.

Usanifishaji wa Kiswahili
Usanifishaji wa lugha ya Kiswahili pia lilikua ni jambo jingine muhimu sana lililosaidia kukua kwa msamiati wa Kiswahili. Lengo la usanifishaji wa Kiswahili lilikuwa ni kuleta ulinganifu wa matumizi ya lugha ya Kiswahili katika ukanda wa Afrika Mashariki. 

UENEAJI WA KISWAHILI

Ukuaji na Ueneaji ni maneno mawili yenye maana zinazokaribiana lakini zinazotofautiana. Ukuaji humaanisha ongezeko la msamiati katika lugha na ueneaji ni uongezekaji wa matumizi ya lugha kieneo. Kwa hiyo hapa tutaangalia yale mambo yaliyosababisha Kiswahili kitumike katika eneo kubwa. Mambo hayo ni haya yafuatayo:

Vyombo vya habari

Vyombo vya habari vilivyokuwepo kwa wakati huo ni redio, magazeti na majarida mbalimbali. Kwa upande wa redio kulikuwepo na redio Tanganyika iliyoanza kurusha matangazo yake kwa kutumia lugha ya Kiswahili. Na magazeti yaliyokuwa yakichapishwa wakati huo ni pamoja na: Mambo leo, Sauti ya Pwani, Kiongozi na Habari za leo. Magazeti haya yote yalikuwa yakichapishwa kwa lugha ya Kiswahili. Kwa hiyo kwa kutumia vyombo vya habari (redio na magazeti) kiswahili kiliweza kuenea.

Kilimo

Kupitia kilimo watu waliweza kukutana pamoja, watu wa makabila tofautitofauti. Kwa hiyo katika kipindi chote walichokaa kwenye makambi ya mashambani waliweza kujifunza Kiswahili na walipomaliza muda wao walirudi nyumbani wakiwa wamejifunza lugha mpya na hivo kwa njia hii waliweza kuieneza lugha ya Kiswahili.

Muundo wa jeshi la kikoloni (KAR)

Jeshi la KAR liliundwa na watu kutoka makabila mablimbali, na lugha iliyokuwa ikitumika jeshini ni Kiswahili, askari hawa walisaidia kueneza lugha ya Kiswahili ndani na nje ya nchi kwani kila walipokwenda walikuwa wakizungumza Kiswahili.

Mfumo wa elimu

Chini ya utawala wa Waingereza Kiswahili kilitumika katika masomo yote kwa ngazi ya shule ya msingi, na pia kilitumika kama somo kwa ngazi ya shule za sekondari. Kwa hiyo hii pia ilichangia kuenea kwa lugha ya Kiswahili.

Harakati za kudai uhuru

Chama cha TANU kilianzisha harakati za kudai uhuru, harakati hizo ziliendeshwa kwa lugha ya Kiswahili. Kwa hiyo kupitia harakati hizo Kiswahili kiliweza kuenea kwa kiwango kikubwa.

Tathimini ya maendeleo ya Kiswahili wakati wa Waingereza

Licha ya maendeleo ya lugha ya Kiswahili katika utawala wa Waingereza, pia kulikuwa na changamoto zilizoikabili lugha ya Kiswahili katika kupiga hatua ya maendeleo. Changamoto hizo ni kama zifuatazo:

Kutofundishwa kwa Kiswahili shule zote nchini

Wakati wa utawala wa Waingereza Kiswahili kilifundishwa katika shule za watoto wa kiafrika tu, wakati katika shule za watoto wa kizungu Kiswahili hakikufundishwa. Kwa hiyo suala hili lilifanya Kiswahili kipewe msukumo mdogo sana na hivyo kuhafifisha ukuaji wake.

Kutotumika kwa Kiswahili kama lugha ya kufundishia

Lugha ya Kiswahili ilitumika kufundishia katika shule za msingi pekee ilihali lugha ya kiingereza ilitumika kuanzia shule za sekondari hadi elimu ya juu. Hali hii ilisababisha watu kujitahidi sana kujifunza kiingereza; kwa kuzungumza kiingereza ilikuwa na ishara kwamba wewe ni msomi, na hivyo kutokana na hali hii Kiswahili kilendelea kukua polepole sana.

Kukosekana kwa vyombo vya kizalendo vya kukuza Kiswahili

Vyombo vilivyokuwa vinahusika na masuala ya ukuzaji wa Kiswahili wakati wa ukoloni vilikuwa vimeanzishwa na wakoloni wenyewe, kwa mfano Kamati ya Lugha ya Afrika Mashariki (Inter-Territorial Swahili Language commitee) na Shirika la maandiko la Afrika Mashariki (East African Literature Bureau). Katika hali kama hii ukuzaji wa Kiswahili ulikosa msukumo mkubwa wa kizalendo.

Kasumba ya kuthamini Kiingereza

Wananchi walikuwa na kasumba kwamba mtu anayezungumza Kiingereza alichukuliwa kuwa ni mtu mwenye maendeleo na msomi, kwa hiyo hali hii ikapelekea watu kutothamini Kiswahili na hivyo Kiswahili kudharaulika. 

 Ukuaji na ueneaji wa Kiswahili                         baada ya Uhuru


Safari ya maendeleo ya Kiswahili bado inaendelea, kotoka enzi za ukoloni sasa ni wakati wa uhuru. Baada ya uhuru kuna harakati mbalimbali zilizochukuliwa na serikali ya Tanzania katika kukiendeleza na kukikuza Kiswahili. Katika mada hii utajifunza mambo mbalimbali yaliyochangia kuimarika kwa matumizi ya Kiswahili ikiwa ni pamoja na uanziswaji wa vyombo mbalimbali vya kitaifa kwa ajili ya kukuza na kuendeleza lugha ya Kiswahili.
Baada ya uhuru kuna harakati mbalimbali zilizochukuliwa na serikali ya Tanzania katika kukiendeleza na kukikuza kiswahili. Harakati hizo ni pamoja na kupendekezwa kuwa lugha rasmi 1962. Mkwaka 1964 kiswahili kilipendekezwa kuwa lugha ya taifa na kuwa kitatumika katika shughuli zote za kiserikali na kitaifa mfano katika elimu hususani elimu ya msingi.

Kuundwa kwa Chombo cha usanifishaji ambacho kilikuwa na kazi ya kuhimiza maendeleo ya kiswahili, kutayarisha kamusi na vitabu mbalimbali vya sarufi na fasihi ya lugha ya kiswahili na kuandaa wataalamu watakaoshughulikia usanifishaji wa kiswahili

Pia baada ya uhuru kulianzishwa Taasisi mbalimbali zitakazoshughulikia lugha ya kiswahili. Mfano:- BAKITA, TUKI, TUMI, UKUTA, UWAVITA, Idara ya Chuo Kikuu Cha Dar es salaamu.

Baada ya uhuru nchini Tanzania kiswahili kilienea kwa kasi kubwa sana. Kuna sababu mbalimbali ambazo zilichangia kukua na kuenea kwa kiswahili hapa nchini. Baadhi ya sababu hizo ni pamoja na kuteuliwa kwa kiswahili kuwa lugha ya Taifa, Kiswahili kitumike katika Elimu, mfano kuwa lugha ya kufundishia katika shule za msingi. Kuundwa kwa vyombo mbalimbali vya kukuza na kuneza kiswahili, Kiswahili kuwa Lugha rasmi na lugha ya Taifa, shughuli mbalimbali za kidini, shughuli za kisiasa na kiutawala na shughuli za kiutamaduni na uchapishaji wa vitabu na majarida mbalimbali.

Kiswahili kuwa lugha ya taifa

Baada ya uhuru mwaka 1962 kamati iliundwa ili kuangalia uwezekano wa kutumia kiswahili katika shughuli zote rasmi, mfano bungeni na shughuli zote za kiofisi. Pia kiswahili kiliteuliwa kuwa lugha ya taifa 1964 ambapo katika shughuli zote za kitaifa zitaendeshwa kwa kutumia lugha ya kiswahili. Hivyo kiswahili kilihimizwa kutumika katika mawasiliano yote hasa katika shughuli za umma na Wizara zote, Serikali na Bunge, kiswahili kiliendelea kupanda hadhi zaidi wakati wa Azimio la Arusha la mwaka 1967 kwani azimio hilo lilitungwa na kuandikwa kwa lugha ya kiswahili.

Kuundwa kwa vyombo vya ukuzaji na uenezaji wa kiswahili
Tanzania baada ya uhuru ilifanya jitihada za kuunda vyombo mbalimbali vya kukuza na kueneza kiswahili katika nyanja mbalimbali mfano wa vyombo hivyo ni UWAVITA BAKITA, TUKI, Taasisi ya Elimu,TAKILUKI na Chama cha Kiswahili Chuo Kikuu Dar es salaam.

Kutumika katika elimu
Kiswahili licha ya kutumika katika shughuli mbalimbali za kiserikali, kilipendekezwa kutumika katika shule za Msingi na kufundishwa katika elimu ya sekondari kama somo na katika vyuo vikuu wanatoa shahada mbalimbali za lugha ya kiswahili. Pia katika Elimu ya watu wazima ambao hawakujua kusoma na kuandika. Watu hawa walijifunza masomo mbalimbali kwa lugha ya kiswahili na kuwafanya watu wengi kujua kusoma, kuandika na kuzungumza lugha ya kiswahili fasaha. Kampeni hii ilikuwa kwa nchi nzima ambapo walijifunza elimu ya Afya, Siasa, Kiswahili, Kilimo na ufundi kwa lugha ya kiswahili na kuwafanya watu wengi kuzungumza kiswahili sanifu.

Vyombo vya habari
Tangu uhuru ulipopatikana kuna vyombo mbalimbali vya habari vilivyoanzishwa. Vyombo hivi hutumika kueneza kiswahili kwa kiasi kikubwa na hufikiwa na watu wengi licha ya kuwepo kwa changamoto za kiuchumi. Vyombo hivyo ni magazeti na majarida mbalimbali ambayo huandikwa kwa lugha ya kiswahili lakini kuna redio na runinga ambazo matangazo yake hutangazwa kwa lugha ya kiswahili. Hivyo kukifanya kiswahili kuenea kote ndani na nje ya nchi.

Biashara
Shughuli za kibiashara nchini husaidia kuenea na kukua kwa kiswahili kutokana na kuwepo kwa makabila tofauti tofauti ambapo wafanyabiashara huweza kuunganishwa kwa lugha ya kiswahili. Hivyo kiswahili hudumishwa na kutumika katika biashara hizo.

Shughuli za siasa na utawala
Tangu wakati wa harakati za kupigania uhuru kiswahili kimetumika kama nyenzo muhimu kuwaunganisha wananchi. Shughuli za kisiasa zimetumia lugha hii katika kujiimarisha; mfano wakati wa chama kimoja, Azimio la Arusha  na Mfumo wa vyama vingi Kiswahili kimetumika kama njia kuu ya mawasiliano. Pia katika utawala chama kinachotawala kimekuwa na harakati za kukiendeleza kiswahilli katika nyanja zote. Ambapo kiswahili kimekuwa kikitumika katika shughuli zote za kiutawala. Hivyo shughuli za kisiasa na kiutawala zimechangia kwa kiasi kikubwa katika kukuza, kukieneza na kukiendeleza kiswahili.

Uandishi na uchapishaji wa vitabu
Kuibuka kwa waandishi wa vitabu mbalimbali vya kiswahili vya sarufi na fasihi ambavyo vilichambua kwa kina mambo mabalimbali yahusuyo lugha ya kiswahili na utamaduni wake, mfano :- F Nkwera, Shabani Robart, Mathias Mnyapala na  Shaffi Adam Shaffi. Waandishi wengine chipukizi walijitokeza na wanaendelea kujitokeza katika tasnia hii ya uandishi wa vitabu.

Shughuli za kiutamaduni
Shughuli za kiutamaduni zimechangia kueneza kukuza na kuendeleza lugha ya kiswahili. Shughuli hizo ni pamoja na harusi, misiba, matanga na sherehe mbalimbali za kijamii ambazo zimesaidia kukiendeleza kiswahili kwa kuwa huwakutanisha watu tofautitofauti katika shughuli hizo, ambapo huwalazimu kutumia lugha ya kiswahili katika mawasiliano na kufanya kiswahili kuendelea. Pia katika Sherehe mbalimbali vikundi vya sanaa na muziki vinavyotumia lugha ya kiswahili kutumbuiza. Vikundi vingine huandaa nyimbo zao kwa ajili ya kukieneza kiswahili.

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